Nontariff Barriers
نویسندگان
چکیده
Nontariff barriers (NTBs) refer to the wide range of policy interventions other than border tariffs that affect trade of goods, services, and factors of production. Most taxonomies of NTBs include market-specific trade and domestic policies affecting trade in that market. Extended taxonomies include macro-economic policies affecting trade. NTBs have gained importance as tariff levels have been reduced worldwide. Common measures of NTBs include tariff-equivalents of the NTB policy or policies and count and frequency measures of NTBs. These NTB measures are subsequently used in various trade models, including gravity equations, to assess trade and/or welfare effects of the measured NTBs.
منابع مشابه
Investigating the Export Barriers of Honey in Iran Using DEMATEL Method
The rapid world economic growth have stimulated the businesses towards involvement in international marketplaces due to their low business risks, low commitment of resources and high flexibility. However, the evidence indicates barriers to export are thought to vary across different stages of internationalization. Therefore, this empirical study was carried out to explore export barriers of agr...
متن کاملThe significance of government-procurement policies as nontariff barriers to trade was recognized by the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), whose Agreement on Government Procurement came into effect in 1981. This sets out rules on how government
We model the bidding for a government contract in which there is imperfect competition; each bidder is better informed about his own costs than either his rival bidders or the government; and the distribution of the domestic firms’ costs differs from the distribution of foreign firms’ costs because of comparative-advantage effects. We find that the gcyemment minimizes its expected procurement c...
متن کاملQuantification of Sanitary, Phytosanitary, and Technical Barriers to Trade for Trade Policy Analysis
This paper presents promising methodologies for modeling and quantifying nontariff barriers (NTB) to trade in the agricultural and food sectors. We limit the analysis to sanitary, phytosanitary, and technical regulations that can have an impact on trade and to methods that provide some quantitative estimates of the impact of such barriers on market equilibrium, trade flows, economic efficiency,...
متن کاملWho Bears the Burden of U.s. Nontariff Measures?
This article provides evidence on the incidence of U.S. nontariff measures (NTMs) by investigating the relationship between per capita income and various indicators of NTM use. Collectively, NTMs are found to bear heavily on products of export interest to the poorer countries. Antidumping duty actions and voluntary export restraint agreements primarily target newly industrializing and industria...
متن کامل